MAJ 2011/2012 Définition détaillée et actuelle des féminicides https://susaufeminicides.blogspot.com/2011/11/feminicides-definis.html
2011 - "I first heard this word 37 years ago in 1974 when a friend in London told me that she had heard that a woman in the United States was planning to write a book titled "Femicide"." https://www.dianarussell.com/origin_of_femicide.html
"1.3. "Anthologie des fémicides" (non publiée, Orlock, 1974 [5]) 1.3.1. "féminicide" de "Femicides tribunal" (Russell, 1976[6] – récusé [7]"female genocide" & réactivé Orlock (...) [8])" http://susaufeminicides.blogspot.fr/2013/08/salon-de-demoiselles.html
Diana Russell : "My Definitions of Femicide
I first heard the word femicide in 1975 when an acquaintance told me that an American writer, Carol Orlock, was preparing an anthology on femicide. Although her book was never published, the term resonated with me powerfully as one that was needed to refer to sexist murders of females by males.
http://www.dianarussell.com/albums/album_image/8300667/7467111.htme
In 1976, I testified about
femicide at the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women held in Brussels
In my book, Rape in
Marriage (1982), I reported my findings on wife rape, battery, and femicidal
threats obtained from face-to-face interviews with a probability sample of 930
women residents in San Francisco
A careful reading of the
data available on each of the raped wives, as well as data on those who had
been beaten but not raped (162 women), indicated that at least 7% were in
apparent danger of being killed by husbands or ex-husbands. For an additional 10% of these women, while
there were indications of their being in danger, the evidence was not
sufficient to draw any conclusion. These
are shockingly high percentages. Given
that 25 percent of the 644 women who had ever been married were victimized by
either rape or beating or both, extrapolating from these figures to married
women in the population at large, these findings suggest that out of every 1
million women, at least 17,500 are at risk of being killed by their
husbands. (This figure was obtained as
follows: 7% divided by 4 [because victims constitute 25% of women in sample] =
1.75. 1.75 out of 100 extrapolates to
17,500 out of one million.)
In 1990, together with
feminist American cultural studies professor Jane Caputi, we defined femicide
as "the murder of women by men motivated by hatred, contempt, pleasure,
or a sense of ownership of women" (1990, p. 34) -- which is to say, sexism. Then in 2001, Harmes and I defined femicide
as "the killing of females by males because they are female." This version of the definition covers all
manifestations of male sexism, not just hatred.
In addition, it replaces "women" with "females" in
recognition of the fact that many girls and female babies are victims of
femicide. Similarly, because many boys
and male youth are perpetrators of femicide, Harmes and my definition refers to
"males" instead of "men."
This is the definition I continue to use today.
Although assessing motives
is difficult and sometimes impossible, all hate crimes require the evaluation
of the perpetrators' motives. However,
it would be unacceptable to forgo the concept of racist murder, for
example, because of the difficulty of establishing the murderer's racist
motivation.
According to my
definition, just as murders targeting African Americans can be differentiated
into those that are racist and those that are not, and murders targeting gays
can be differentiated into those that are homophobic or lesbiphobic and those
that are not, so should we be able to figure out a way to differentiate murders
targeting women into those that are femicides and those that are not. When the gender of the victim is immaterial
to the perpetrator, we are dealing with a non-femicidal murder. For example, an armed male robber who shoots
and kills the male and female owners of a grocery store in the course of his
crime has not committed a femicide. The
same applies to a man who accidently kills a female bystander when attempting
to target a man.
When my research
assistant, Roberta Harmes, was searching for articles on femicide for our book,
Femicide in Global Perspective (2001), she stumbled across the third
edition of a short book entitled, The Confessions of an Unexecuted Femicide
published in 1827, and authored by William MacNish, who wrote about his
seduction, impregnation, abandonment, and murder of a young woman. This led to the next surprising discovery
that the term femicide was first used in the British publication, The
Satirical Review of London at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century in
1801 to signify "the killing of a woman." And, according to the 1989 edition of The
Oxford English Dictionary, that defined femicide in the identical way (1),
the term femicide appeared in Wharton's Law Lexicon in 1848, suggesting
that it had become a prosecutable offense (p. 825).
Despite her discovery of
this brief history of the term femicide, I was not tempted to substitute the
dictionary definition for my own because I was, and still am, convinced that
the sexist aspect of most murders of females by males needs to be incorporated
into the definition of femicide.
Female-on-Female Murders
While my definition of
femicide is limited to murders of females by males because they are
female, there is a significant minority of murders of females by females
because they are female, such as the participation of some Indian (South Asian)
mothers-in-law in murders of their daughters-in-law by setting fire to their
sarees because they consider the dowries given to their families by their
daughter-in-laws' fathers to be insufficient (dowry femicides). I decided to refer to these crimes as female-on-female
murders.
In Femicide in Global Perspective,
I distinguish between
1) Females Acting as Agents of Patriarchy;
2) Females Acting as Agents of Male Perpetrators; and
3) Females Acting on their Own Behalf.
Several examples of each category of female-on-female murders are
provided in this typology (see Russell & Harmes, 2001, Table 2.1, p.
17. The title of this typology should be
corrected to read "Typology of Female-on-Female Murders").
Distinctions Between Femicides
The following distinctions
between femicides are made based on the relationships between killers and their
victims (this is a slightly adapted version of Desmond Ellis & Walter
DeKeserdy's typology [1996, p. 71]):
1) intimate
partner femicides, for example: husbands/ex-husbands; lovers/sex partners;
ex-lovers/sex partners; boyfriends/ex-boyfriends
2) familial
femicides, for example: fathers/stepfathers;
brothers/stepbrothers/half-brothers; uncles/stepuncles;
grandfathers/stepgrandfathers; fathers-in-law; brothers-in-law
3) femicides
by other known perpetrators, for example: male friends of family; male
authority figures (teachers, priests, employers); male co-workers
4) stranger femicides,
male strangers. (See Russell &
Harmes, 2001, Table 2.2, p. 21).
Most of the research to
date in the United States
Covert Femicide
The concept of femicide
includes covert forms of woman killing such as women being permitted to die
because of misogynistic attitudes and/or social institutions. For example, wherever women's right to choose
to be mothers is not recognized, thousands of women die every year from botched
abortions. Hence, these deaths qualify
as femicides.
Other examples of covert
femicides include: deaths from unnecessary surgeries such as hysterectomies,
genital mutilation (particularly excision and infibulation), experimentation on
women's bodies including the use of insufficiently tested methods of birth
control, some of which have turned out to be carcinogenic; dangerous marriage
practices such as those in which extremely young females are married to much
older men, some of whom die as a result of forced sexual intercourse; and the
deliberate preference given to boy children in many cultures resulting in
countless female deaths from neglect, illness and starvation in numerous
impoverished nations, such as China and India.
The Impact of My Definition of Femicide
It was my intention in
resurrecting the term femicide to refer to killings of females by males because
they are females, that this politicization of this widespread and most extreme
form of male violence against women and girls would mobilize feminists to
initiate organizations to campaign to raise public awareness about these
misogynist crimes, and to try to combat them.
Among other things, I hoped that anti-femicide organizations would
struggle to pressure the government to pass laws that would sentence femicide
perpetrators to more severe prison terms than perpetrators of non-femicidal
murders.
Although there is as yet
only minimal awareness of femicide in the United States
Another potential impact
of the term femicide is that it will result in the reconceptualization of
women's deaths as a result of AIDS and abortion -- to name but two
examples. In chapter 9 of my book, Femicide
in Global Perspective, I have argued that AIDS is a form of mass femicide
because male sexism is the major cause of women contracting this fatal
disease. My analysis focuses on Southern Africa , where AIDS is particularly prevalent.
For example, because of
male promiscuity and male domination of their families, combined with their
feelings of entitlement to insist on unprotected sex with their wives and other
female partners, these females become infected with AIDS when their husbands
and non-marital partners are infected with this disease.
Reconceptualizing AIDS as
a form of mass femicide reveals the inadequacy of exclusively pharmaceutical
approaches to this lethal infection. To
combat AIDS, male sexism must also be combatted. And males who negligently or deliberately
infect women and children with AIDS must be tried for murderous femicide.
Priorities For Addressing Femicide
I would like to suggest
four major priorities for femicide researchers to focus on:
1) Research to ascertain
the ratios of femicidal to non-femicidal murders. If the ratio of all types of murders (in
contrast to a particular type of murder, such as intimate partner murders) were
found to be approximately 75 femicides for every 100 murders, then this could
be helpful in using the official statistics on murder to estimate the
prevalence of femicide -- as I have defined it.
2) Compiling testimonies
about, or accounts of femicides about which friends, parents, other family
members, and/or others have considerable knowledge, as well as testimonies by
the victims of attempted femicides. I
consider this a priority topic because I believe that publicizing personal
"stories" of violence against women and girls is the most effective
way to touch peoples' hearts and motivate them to act to combat these crimes.
3) Research that would be
useful to activists organized to combat femicide.
4) Research on how to
mobilize feminist movements to fight femicide -- the most extreme form of
femicide, currently neglected by feminist anti-violence activists in the United States , the UK
5) Research on the forms
of femicide of most concern to the activists, government, other policy makers
and researchers in the societies where researchers are located, for example,
"honor femicides" in many Moslem countries, "dowry
femicides" in India ,
rape/torture/mutilation femicides in Juarez , Mexico , and Guatemala
6) Research on femicidal
pornography and other mass media that condones or promotes femicide.
While I consider these six
research priorities of vital importance, I believe that raising public
awareness and concern about femicide is a greater priority -- given how
relatively few feminists in most countries have embraced this concept. Consequently few feminists have recognized
the importance of politicizing the widespread killing of females by males because
they are female, and setting up organizations to combat this form of
terrorizing women and girls.
I believe that the
International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women that occurred in Brussels
Endnotes
1. The following dictionaries define femicide in the same way as the
Oxford English Dictionary, (2nd edition) 1989, i.e., as "the
killing of a woman:" A New English Dictionary on Historical Principle,
1901; Black's Law Dictionary (6th edition), 1990; Bouvier's Law
Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia (3rd edition), 1914; The Random
House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd edition), 1987; Satirical
View London, 1801; and Wharton Law Lexicon (the London edition),
1848.
When the terms femicide and female homicide are used synonymously,
this obliterates any information about whether the gender of the victim is
salient to the crime. This is the
equivalent of equating racist homicides with all black homicides. Therefore it necessitates the invention of
another new word or phrase to differentiate sexist homicides from non-sexist
homicides. However, the researchers who
have defined femicide in this apolitical way have not attempted to do. Indeed, they show no awareness of this problem.
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| Diana Russell |
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| Audrey Lorde |
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| Jacqueline Campbell |
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Jane Caputi
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References
Caputi,
Jane. (l987). The Age of Sex Crime. Bowling Green ,
IN : Bowling
Green State University
Caputi, Jane
& Russell, Diana E. H. (1990, September/October). Femicide: Speaking the unspeakable. Ms., 1(2), 34-37.
Corry, John.
(1801). The Satirical Review of London London
Ellis, Desmond & DeKeseredy,
Walter. (1996). Homicide and femicide.
In Desmond Ellis & Walter DeKeseredy, The Wrong Stuff: An
Introduction to the Sociological Study of Deviance. Scarborough ,
Ontario : Allyn
& Bacon ,
Canada
MacNish, William. (1827).
The confessions of an unexecuted femicide. (3rd ed., pp. 1-24) Glasgow: W. R. M=Phun, Trongate.
Russell, Diana E. H.
& Van de Ven, Nicole. (Eds.).
(1976). Crimes Against Women: The Proceedings of the International Tribunal.
East Palo Alto , CA
Russell, D.E.H. Femicide: The murder of wives. Chapter 21 in D.E.H. Russell, Rape in
Marriage. Revised/expanded
edition. Bloomington ,
Indiana : Indiana University
Russell,
D.E.H. AIDS as mass femicide: focus on South Africa New York , NY
The American heritage dictionary (3rd Ed.). (1992).
Boston
The Oxford Oxford
Wharton, John Jane Smith. (1987). The law lexicon, or, dictionary of
jurisprudence: Explaining all the technical words and phrases employed in the
several departments of English law, including also the various legal terms used
in commercial transactions, together with an explanatory as well as literal
translation of the Latin maxims contained in the writings of the ancient and
modern commentators. (The London Edition, p. 382). Littleton , CO
Russell's Publications on Femicide
Russell,
D.E.H. and R. Harmes. Eds. Femicide in Global Perspective. New
York
Feminicidio:
Una Perspective Global. Introduction to the Spanish edition by
Marcela Lagarde y de los Rios.
Translated into Spanish by Guillermo Vega Saragoza. Mexico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de
México, 2006.
Radford, J., and Russell, D.E.H. (Eds.). Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing. New York :
Twayne Publishers, 1992, and Buckingham ,
England 300 North Zeeb Road, PO
Box 1346 , Ann Arbor , MI 48106-9937
Russell,
D.E.H., and Radford, J. (Eds.). Feminicidio: La Politica del Asesinato de las
Mujeres. Introduction to the Spanish edition by Marcela
Lagarde y de los Rios. Translated into
Spanish by Tlatolli Ollin. Mexico, D.F.:
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, 2006.
Russell, D.E.H. Femicide: The murder of wives. Chapter 21 in D.E.H. Russell, Rape in
Marriage. Revised/expanded
edition. Bloomington ,
Indiana : Indiana University
Russell,
D.E.H. Femicide. In H. Tierney (Ed.), Women's Studies
Encyclopedia. Second revised and
expanded edition. Westport ,
CT. , Greenwood
Caputi,
J. & D.E.H. Russell. Femicide:
Speaking the unspeakable. Ms.: The
World of Women, Vol. 1, No. 2, September/October 1990, pp. 34-37.
Caputi,
J. & D.E.H. Russell. Femicide:
Sexist terrorism against women. In Jill
Radford and D.E.H. Russell (Eds.), Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing. New
York , NY
Russell,
D.E.H. Femicide in Chile Chile
Russell, D.E.H. Femicidio: La politicadel asesinato de mujeres (Femicide: The politics of killing
females), La Nacion (National Newspaper in Chile
Russell, D.E.H. Femicidio: La politica
Voir Diana E. H. Russell, Ph.D. http://www.dianarussell.com/index.html
for Meeting on Strengthening Understanding of Femicide Washington D.C. Revised May 5, 2008
A noter ouvrage collectif Femicide- The politics of woman killing, Jill Radford and Diana E. H. Russel, 1992 http://www.dianarussell.com/f/femicde(small).pdf
"How much of this truth can I bear to see and still live unblinded?" -- Audre Lorde, 1981. http://www.univers-l.com/personnalite_audre_lorde.html
"All women are at risk of femicide ... " -- Jacqueline Campbell, 1992, p. 11 https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000250e.pdf
"All instances of sexual terror serve as lessons for all women." -- Jane Caputi, 1987, 47. http://www.pbs.org/kued/nosafeplace/interv/caputi.html
Eléments de biographie en espagnol - http://www.feminicidio.net/articulos-informes-estadisticas-sobre-violencia-de-genero/2-feminicidio/80-DIANA%20RUSSELL,%20AUTORA%20DEL%20T%C3%89RMINO.html
- Fondamentaux de ce journal ethnographique
Cartographie katogynique http://susaufeminicides.blogspot.fr/p/cest-de-la-carte-tentative-darticle.html
Chiffres, estimations et recensement. http://susaufeminicides.blogspot.fr/2012/01/combien.html
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